The US is Now Involved in 134 Wars or None, Depending on Your Definition of 'War'
Updated December 8, 2014
This story was originally published on September 6, 2014
(
Public Radio International) - The White House spent much of last week trying to figure out if the word "war" was the right one to describe its military actions against the Islamic State.
"We're engaged in a major counterterrorism operation," he
told CBS News on Sept. 11. "I think war is the wrong terminology and analogy but the fact is that we are engaged in a very significant global effort to curb terrorist activity... I don't think people need to get into war fever on this. I think they have to view it as a heightened level of counter terrorist activity."
Kerry said similarly hedgy things during interviews on CNN and ABC.
By the next day, the Obama administration appeared more comfortable with the word war, yet hardly offered any more clarity. White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest
told reporters, "The United States is at war with ISIL in the same way we are at war with Al Qaeda and its affiliates."
The problem is that our traditional definition of "war" is outdated, and so is our imagination of what war means.
World War II was the last time Congress officially declared war.
Since then, the conflicts we've called "wars" — from Vietnam through to the second Iraq War — have actually been congressional "authorizations of military force."
And more recently,
beginning with the War Powers Act of 1973, presidential war powers have expanded so much that, according to the Congressional Research Service,
it's no longer clear whether a president requires congressional authorization at all.
The recent US wars in Afghanistan and Iraq will likely be the last time, in the foreseeable future, that the United States wages war in the way that's most familiar to us: a lot of combat troops on the ground in a foreign country with lots of money and support and an ostensibly achievable objective.
US troop presence in Iraq peaked at
187,900 in 2008. In Afghanistan, it peaked in 2010 at
100,000.
On paper, it looked like the United States was fighting two wars. But the reality was much more complicated, and it's only gotten more complicated.
So how many wars is the US fighting right now? Somewhere between zero and 134.
Here's the rationale:
Total # of wars: 0
Congress hasn't declared war since 1942 so there is no war right now. Okay, that makes no sense.
Total # of wars: 5 (Update: 6 as of September 22, 2014)
This maybe sounds more reasonable.
Consider the definition of war
put forth by Linda Bilmes (Harvard Kennedy School) and Michael Intriligator (UCLA),
who defined war in a 2013 paper as "conflicts where the US is launching extensive military incursions, including drone attacks, but that are not officially 'declared.'"
By that definition, the United States is at war in five places right now: Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen.
(Update: A US-led coalition is now bombing Islamic State targets in Syria. So let's provisionally bump this number up to six.)
Total # of wars: 134
Whoa!
Surprising, right?
In 2013, the US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) — one of the nine organizational units that make up the Unified Combatant Command — had special operations forces (SOFs) in 134 countries, where they were either involved in combat, special missions, or advising and training foreign forces. (Mostly this last thing, according to public statements.)
Since most of what SOFs do is classified, all we know about them is what we get told about them.
Here's what we're told by the
Joint Chiefs of Staff:
What are SOFs?
"Special operations forces (SOF) are small, specially organized units manned by people carefully selected and trained to operate under physically demanding and psychologically stressful conditions to accomplish missions using modified equipment and unconventional applications of tactics against strategic and operational objectives.
The unique capabilities of SOF complement those of conventional forces."
And what do they do?
"
Joint special operations (SO) are conducted by SOF from more than one Service in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require low visibility, clandestine, or covert capabilities.
SO are applicable across the range of military operations. They can be conducted independently or in conjunction with operations of conventional forces or other government agencies and may include operations through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces.
SO differ from conventional operations in degree of physical and political risk, operational techniques, use of special equipment, modes of employment, independence from friendly support, and dependence on detailed operational intelligence and indigenous assets."
Examples:
These tasks include special reconnaissance (SR), direct action (DA), unconventional warfare (UW), foreign internal defense (FID), counterterrorism, counterproliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)[.]"
SOCOM admits to having forces on the ground in 134 countries around the world. That doesn't mean its forces are carrying out capture or kill raids in every country,
but it's almost impossible to know where and when different operations are taking place.
That's especially true when it comes to the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), an operational command within SOCOM that
operates with an enormous amount of autonomy and secrecy — and, some would say, little accountability.
Founded after the failed mission to rescue American hostages in Tehran in 1980
and designed to handle similarly complex operations in the future,
JSOC was a classified and little used command on September 11, 2001.
Since then, it's more than tripled in size, received an ever-increasing share of funding, and has conducted operations in dozens of countries. (
Journalist Jeremy Scahill wrote in depth about JSOC in his 2013 book, "
Dirty Wars." That's where the following information comes from.)
JSOC was introduced to the world on May 1, 2011, when Navy SEALs killed Osama bin Laden in a nighttime raid on his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The raid was a collaboration between the CIA and an agency almost nobody had heard of: JSOC.
"We're the dark matter," a Navy SEAL told the Washington Post of JSOC in 2011. "We're the force that orders the universe but can't be seen."